In particular, Gallo, Eastern Brittany's Oïl language variety, provides a pertinent grass roots illustration of many of the issues addressed through the concept of language emancipation. This paper discusses the applicability of language emancipation to the regional languages of France and shows that, from a historical and contemporary perspective, it is very relevant for these languages. Philippine folklore texts are being analysed to define motifs connected to the image of a lonely hero in the folklore of the Tinguian (Itneg), Kalinga, Yattuka (Kallahan), Ifugao and other highlanders of the Northern Philippines, and compares them to corresponding themes in Philippine non-Cordilleran mythologies and beyond. The paper analyses the symbolism of betel chewing as compared to other chewing practices worldwide. Betel chewing as a cultural practice is of great importance in the depiction of key mythological figures, lonely heroes in particular.
We find those personages in different genres: ritual myths, epics, charms, curses and tales. The ‘lonely/low hero’ is a personage depicted initially as a pitiful, isolated, friendless, sad orphan or foundling, but who appears to prove himself to be a powerful representative of a high-ranking family as the story unwinds.
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